Modern AI techniques open up ever-increasing possibilities for autonomous vehicles, but how to appropriately verify the reliability of such systems remains unclear. A common approach is to conduct safety validation based on a predefined Operational Design Domain (ODD) describing specific conditions under which a system under test is required to operate properly. However, collecting sufficient realistic test cases to ensure comprehensive ODD coverage is challenging. In this paper, we report our practical experiences regarding the utility of data simulation with deep generative models for scenario-based ODD validation. We consider the specific use case of a camera-based rail-scene segmentation system designed to support autonomous train operation. We demonstrate the capabilities of semantically editing railway scenes with deep generative models to make a limited amount of test data more representative. We also show how our approach helps to analyze the degree to which a system complies with typical ODD requirements. Specifically, we focus on evaluating proper operation under different lighting and weather conditions as well as while transitioning between them.

Or maybe you're wondering why we should even care about trains and how they operate--what is this, the 1800s?--so let's back up a bit. If you think America is solely dependent on trucks to move freight, you might be suffering from tunnel vision: Trains account for a third of the ton-miles--that is, a ton of weight carried a mile--that freight travels in the U.S. every year. That's almost as much as is carried by trucks. The U.S. has the most extensive rail network of any country on earth by miles of track--yes, even bigger than China's--and it's currently facing some of the same snarls and congestion as seemingly every other part of the country's supply chains, on account of unprecedented activity at ports and record demand at some rail hubs. Trains might seem like a mature technology with little room for improvement or expansion, since adding new rail lines is prohibitively expensive, as battles over the cost of the expansion of Amtrak service have shown.

Autonomous technology continues to make an impact on the supply chain. The autonomous supply chain, applies to moving goods without human intervention (to some degree at least) or aiding in achieving inventory accuracy. One of the more interesting examples is the Belgian brewery De Halve Maan, which in an effort to reduce congestion on the city streets, built a beer pipeline under the streets. The pipeline is capable of carrying 1,500 gallons of beer an hour at 12 mph to a bottling facility two miles away. Autonomous technology is seen in warehouses and stores, on highways and in mines, and in last mile deliveries.

Autonomous technology continues to make an impact on the supply chain. The autonomous supply chain, as I am writing about it here, applies to moving goods without human intervention (to some degree at least). One of the more interesting examples I have seen is from the Belgian brewery De Halve Maan, which in an effort to reduce congestion on the city streets, built a beer pipeline under the streets. The pipeline is capable of carrying 1,500 gallons of beer an hour at 12 mph to a bottling facility two miles away. As we've written about here quite often, autonomous technology is mainly seen in warehouses, on highways, and in last mile deliveries.

Opportunities for digital technologies implementation, including implementation of artificial intelligence, are being implemented in the mining sector. Technologies help to save money and to solve problems that humans can't solve. McKinseyestimates that by 2035, the use of data analysis and digital technologies will help coal, iron ore, and copper producers save between $290 billion and $390 billion annually. Digital technologies and artificial intelligence enable companies to extract minerals in hard-to-reach places and under extreme weather conditions. This article first appeared in Mining Review Africa Issue 10, 2019 Read the full digimag here or subscribe to receive a print copy here This means that in an environment when mineral resources are becoming increasingly scarce, it is possible to develop deposits that used to be inaccessible, to do it without endangering lives of employees and to minimize human errors that often lead to costly mistakes.